Sriwijaya Journal of Dentistry (SJD) published by Dentistry Study Program, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sriwijaya biannually, every June and December. It is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, in an electronic version. The submission process of the manuscript is open throughout the year. This journal aspires to serve as a platform for disseminating unique articles, case reports, and cutting-edge literature reviews in dentistry and its associated domains, adopting an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspective. The covered areas encompass Cariology, Conservative Dentistry, Dental Biomaterials, Esthetic Dentistry, Endodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Radiology, Oral Biosciences and Microbiology, Orthodontics, Pediatric Dentistry, Periodontology, Prosthodontics, as well as Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. eISSN : 2746-0592.
Dentistry Study Program, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sriwijaya
Efficacy of Probiotics, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, and Enzymes Toothpaste Formulations Against Periodontal Pathogens in Fixed Orthodontic Patients: A Review
Introduction: Fixed orthodontic appliances complicate oral hygiene and promote biofilm accumulation, increasing the risk of periodontal disease. Toothpaste formulations with antimicrobial properties such as Lactobacillus paracasei probiotics, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and amyloglucosidase–glucose oxidase enzymes are commonly used to manage oral biofilm and control pathogenic bacteria. However, the extent of their effectiveness against periodontal pathogens in orthodontic patients remains unclear. Purpose: This review aims to map and summarize the current evidence on the efficacy of various toothpaste formulations in reducing periodontal pathogens among patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) was conducted to identify relevant studies published from 2015 to 2025. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively, focusing on types of formulations, study outcomes, and microbial targets. Results: Formulations containing antimicrobial agents such as probiotics, enzymes, and cetylpyridinium chloride showed variable effects on specific periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Each mechanism antimicrobial, probiotic, and enzymatic addresses different aspects of biofilm regulation. Conclusion: Toothpastes containing L. paracasei probiotics, CPC, and amyloglucosidase–glucose oxidase enzymes offer complementary ways to control periodontal pathogens in orthodontic patients. Combining these mechanisms may enhance biofilm control and microbial balance, though further research is needed to confirm their long-term benefits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sriwijaya Journal of Dentistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Brushing with Whitening Toothpaste on External Discoloration of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement
Introduction: Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) is a restorative material that combines the properties of Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) and Composite Resin. RMGIC is prone to external discoloration due to exposure of dark colored beverages such as coffee, tea, and Coca-Cola. Extrinsic stains of the overlaid material can be removed using whitening toothpaste. A lot of people drink Coca-Cola, however, there has not been many studies discussing the effect of whitening toothpaste brushing on the RMGIC discolored by Coca-Cola. Purpose: To analyze the effect of brushing with whitening toothpaste on RMGIC discolored by Coca-Cola. Methods: Thirty cylindrical RMGIC (GC Fuji II LC® Light-Cured, GC Corp, Japan) specimens, 6 mm in diameter, 2 mm in thickness were divided into 3 groups treated with 3 toothpastes respectively. The specimens were soaked in Coca-Cola for 7 days and then brushed using various toothpastes namely Pepsodent 8 Plus Whitening Toothpaste, Pepsodent Regular Toothpaste, and no toothpaste for 4 minutes 40 seconds. Results: Brushing with different toothpaste groups resulted in a significantly different increase in L* values (p<0.05), a significantly different decrease in b* and a* values (p<0.05). The color change caused by brushing Pepsodent 8 Plus Whitening Toothpaste was significantly different with brushing Pepsodent Regular Toothpaste. Conclusion: Brushing Coca-Cola discolored RMGIC with whitening toothpaste resulted in the greatest improvement in brightness and discoloration compared to other toothpastes.
The Effect of Gochujang Immersion on Color Change and Surface Roughness of Nanofilled Resin Composite
Background: Nanofilled resin composites are popular for their aesthetics but are vulnerable to discoloration and surface degradation, particularly in acidic environments. Gochujang, a Korean chili paste, is increasingly consumed and may affect dental restorations. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of gochujang sauce immersion on the color stability and surface roughness of nanofilled resin composite. Methods: Thirty-three Filtek™ Z350 XT A3 samples were divided into three groups (n=11): immediate control, distilled water control, and gochujang treatment. The treatment group was immersed daily in a 1:1 gochujang-distilled water solution (16 h) and distilled water (8 h) for four days at 37°C. Color change (ΔE) was measured with a VITA Easyshade V spectrophotometer; surface roughness (Ra) with a Taylor Hobson Surtonic S-100. Results: Gochujang immersion significantly increased color change (ΔE, p<0.001) and surface roughness (Ra, p=0.009) compared to controls between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Gochujang immersion adversely affects both color stability and surface roughness of nanofilled resin composites.
Antibacterial Effectiveness of Mackerel (Rastrelliger sp) Fish Oil Emulgel against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria using Well-Diffusion Method
Introduction: The oral cavity is one of the entry points for a wide variety of bacteria. Most of these bacterial species are normal flora. These bacteria can turn into pathogens in poor oral health. One of the common normal flora bacteria that cause infections in the oral cavity is Staphylococcus aureus. Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of mackerel oil emulgel (Rastrelliger sp) in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Methods: This research is an experimental study with a Post Test Control Design, with the well-diffusion method. The research sample used mackerel oil emulgel with various concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.62%, and 0.31%), Clinium® as positive control, and gel base as negative control. Results: The study showed that mackerel fish oil emulgel has effectiveness in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with the resulting inhibition diameter of 10% (16.95 mm), 5% (14.73), 2.5% (9.97 mm), 1.25% (8.01 mm), 0.62% (6.71 mm), and 0.31% (6.10 mm). Conclusion: Mackerel (Rastrelliger sp) oil emulgel has an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
The Effect of Acid Types in Cuka Pempek on The Surface Roughness of Acrylic Resin Denture Base
Introduction: Cuka pempek is a typical Palembang food that contains acid as one of its ingredients. Continuous consumption of cuka pempek can affect the surface roughness of hot polymerized acrylic resin denture bases due to its ability to absorb liquids. Purpose: To determine the effect of acid types in cuka pempek on the surface roughness of hot polymerized acrylic resin denture bases. Methods: Thirty plates of hot polymerized acrylic resin measuring 65mm x 10mm x 2,5mm were divided into 3 groups. The initial surface roughness value (pretest) was calculated using a surface roughness tester. Soaking was carried out on group I (tamarind-based cuka pempek), group II (vinegar acid-based cuka pempek), and group III (control) with distilled water. Soaking was carried out for 30 hours in an incubator at 37°C. Measurement of the final surface roughness (post-test) was carried out. Results: The results of the normality test with the Shapiro-Wilk and the Levene test homogeneity test showed that the data were found to be normally distributed and homogenous. The paired t-test showed significant differences in all groups. The results of the one-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference. The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant difference between tamarind-based and vinegar acid-based cuka pempek against distilled water, while there was no significant difference between tamarind-based and vinegar acid-based cuka pempek. Conclusion: There is an effect of the type of acid in cuka pempek on the surface roughness of the hot polymerized acrylic resin denture base.
The Effectiveness of Pagar Alam Green Tea Leaf Extract (Camellia sinensis L.) as an Irrigation Material on Smear Layer Removal
Introduction: The smear layer is a by-product of root canal instrumentation that may interfere with effective canal disinfection. Irrigation plays a crucial role in removing debris, microorganisms, and smear layer, particularly in the apical third, which is difficult to clean due to anatomical complexity. Pagar Alam green tea leaf extract (Camellia sinensis L.) has been proposed as a natural alternative irrigation material with potential smear layer removal properties. Purpose: To determine the concentration of Pagar Alam green tea leaf extract that effectively removes smear layer. Methods: This quasi-experimental study used 24 mandibular premolar teeth divided into four treatment groups. Root canals were prepared using the crown-down technique with hand ProTaper instruments and irrigated as follows: Group A: 25% Pagar Alam green tea leaf extract; Group B: 50% Pagar Alam green tea leaf extract; Group C: 2.5% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA; and Group D: distilled water. The samples were sectioned longitudinally and evaluated under a measuring microscope at 1000× magnification using a visual scoring system. Data were analyzed using the Kappa test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Mann–Whitney test. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in smear layer removal between Group B (50% Pagar Alam green tea leaf extract) and Group C (2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA) (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A 50% concentration of Pagar Alam green tea leaf extract is effective in removing the smear layer in the apical third of the root canal.
Management of Gingival Hyperpigmentation by Scalpel Technique: A Case Report
Introduction: Gingiva is a mucous membrane that is closely attached to the periosteum of the jaw. The color of the gingiva varies, it ranges from pink to dark brown. Melanin is the most common natural pigment that contributes to endogenous gingival pigmentation. The degree of pigmentation depends on a few factors. This gingival hyperpigmentation is considered a normal variation, but the discoloration is aesthetically displeasing to some patients. Thus, surgical intervention may be necessary. Purpose: Report the procedure of gingival depigmentation using a scalpel in a 39-year-old woman with gingival hyperpigmentation.. Case presentation: A 39-year-old female visited the Hospital complaining that her upper front gums were dark brown since 1 year ago. Clinical examination showed brown discoloration of the anterior attached gingiva of the upper and lower jaws. Based on clinical and radiographic examinations, the patient was diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis accompanied by gingival hyperpigmentation in the anterior maxilla and mandible. In the nonsurgical phase, scaling was carried out, oral hygiene education was performed. After that, gingival depigmentation surgery was performed using the scrapping technique. Follow-up was carried out after surgery. Satisfactory results were obtained, marked by the clinical appearance, rapid healing and the patient felt comfortable with minimal pain during the healing process. Conclusion: Scalpel technique is one of the procedures performed in cases of gingival hyperpigmentation. This technique can restore the aesthetics of the patient's gingiva in a simple, safe and non-invasive way and shows satisfactory results and has a fast wound healing time. Keywords: Gingival hyperpigmentation; periodontal surgery; scalpel technique
Blood Glucose Fasting Increasing Levels Comparison After Consumption Stevia and Granulated Sugar in Healthy Individuals
Introduction: Increased blood glucose levels are caused by a lifestyle that involves excessive consumption of foods and drinks containing sweeteners. Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni leaves are a natural ingredient that can be used as a natural sweetener because it contains stevioside and rebaudioside A with a sweet taste effect that is 200 to 300 times higher than the sucrose found in granulated sugar. However, there are still few studies reporting comparative data on fasting blood glucose levels after consuming natural Stevia and granulated sugar as a sweetener in healthy individuals. Objective: To compare the increase in fasting blood glucose levels after consuming Stevia and granulated sugar as sweeteners in healthy individuals. Method: Experimental research with a pretest-posttest with control group design carried out using purposive sampling, research subjects were 40 people aged 17-23 years who were asked to fast for 8-10 hours. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured before consuming powdered and liquid Stevia, granulated sugar and mineral water as a control and further measurements were carried out 45 minutes after treatment. Results: The highest increase in fasting blood glucose levels occurred in subjects who consumed granulated sugar solution, namely 15.8 mg/dL, followed by subjects who consumed liquid Stevia solution at 6.6 mg/dL, and the lowest in subjects who consumed powdered Stevia solution. Stevia solution is 5.6 mg/dL. Conclusion: There is a significant difference in blood glucose levels before and after the treatment of consuming powdered Stevia, liquid Stevia and granulated sugar sweetener. The increase in fasting blood glucose levels after consuming powdered or liquid Stevia sweetener was significantly lower than granulated sugar sweetener. Keywords: Stevia, Granulated Sugar, Blood Glucose Levels
Gingival Depigmentation in Maxillary Anterior Region Using Conventional Surgical Scraping A Case Report
Introduction: Gingival pigmentation can result from melanin deposits in the gingival epithelial layer. This condition is caused by tobacco in cigarettes, which stimulates melanin production by melanocytes, leading to pigmentation changes in the gingiva. Gingival depigmentation is a procedure aimed at removing pigmentation from the gingiva to achieve improved aesthetic outcomes. Purpose: This case report aims to discuss the management of gingival depigmentation cases using the scalpel method in patients with smoker's melanosis. Case presentation: A 21-year-old male patient presented with complaints of brownish discoloration on his upper and lower gingiva, which he had noticed for approximately 2 years ago. Gingival depigmentation was performed using the scraping technique to remove the gingival hyperpigmentation. Conclusion: Gingival depigmentation using the scalpel technique is a recommended treatment with a simple technique and tools, easy to perform, economical, and can restore gingival aesthetics.
Regenerative Endodontic Effectivity In Cases of Necrotic Immature Permanent Teeth Treatment (Literature Review)
Introduction: Pulp necrosis in immature permanent teeth results in incomplete root development with short roots and thin dentinal walls that can lead to fracture. Apexification, the main treatment, did not increase the length and thickness of the root canal wall, making the teeth susceptible to fracture. Regenerative endodontic treatment uses a tissue engineering triad that allows the root to continue developing, increases the dentinal wall thickness, and restores the tooth's vitality to prevent fracture. Purpose: This literature review aimed to examine the effectiveness of regenerative endodontics in treating necrotic immature permanent teeth and which component is the most commonly used and effective. Methods: The literature review uses Google Scholar, DOAJ, Science Direct, and Pubmed data for the last five years, calculated from 2018 to 2023. The journals used fit with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, then analyzed using the Case Report Statement and Checklist and summarized to obtain data on the effectivity of regenerative endodontic treatment in necrotic immature permanent teeth. Results: This literature review successfully synthesized 18 Case Reports from journals that performed endodontic regeneration treatment on immature permanent teeth with necrosis using various components. Conclusion: Regenerative endodontic treatment using NaOCl with concentrations ranging from 1% to 2,5 %, EDTA 17% as irrigation solutions together with Ca(OH)2 as an intracanal medicament and blood clot as a scaffold proven to effectively eliminate disease, induce bone healing, and restoring the vitality of necrotic immature permanent teeth.
Space Regainers in Pediatric Dentistry: A Review
Introduction: Early loss of primary teeth can cause various problems, especially the loss of space required for permanent teeth eruption that leads to potential malocclusion. Space regainers are appliances that used to regain the space lost in some cases. Purpose: There are different designs of space regainers, depending on the patient’s cases, and this article aims to summarize fixed and removable space regainers in pediatric dentistry. Conclusion: Fixed and removable space regainers have specific designs and advantages suitable for certain cases.
The Differences of Antibacterial Activity of Gambier Leaf Extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) with Various Solvents Against Enterococcus faecalis
Introduction: Gambier leaves are herbal plants that have the potential to replace chlorhexidine to overcome root canal treatment failures where Enterococcus faecalis are commonly found. Various solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and distilled water extract from gambier leaves to increase antibacterial activity. Purpose: To determine the difference in antibacterial power of gambier leaf extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) with various solvents against Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: This study was an experimental in vitro laboratory investigation. The test group comprised extracts from gambier leaves using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and distilled water, all at a concentration of 10%, prepared through the graded maceration method. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was assessed using the disc diffusion method to determine the inhibition zone values. The results of the inhibition zones were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests. Results: This study showed that a 10% ethyl acetate extract of gambier leaves had the highest average inhibition zone value of 16.10 mm, while a 10% distilled water extract of gambier leaves of 11.00 mm was the lowest. Statistically, there was a significant difference in the mean inhibition zone value between each group. Conclusion: The antibacterial power extract of gambier leaves (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) with a concentration of 10% with various solvents against Enterococcus faecalis showed a significant difference.
Comparison of Cytotoxicity Between Calcium Silicate and Epoxy Resin-Based Sealerin Root Canal Treatment (Systematic Review)
Introduction: Epoxy resin-based sealer is the gold standard sealer because of its good physical properties. However, epoxy resin sealer has the potential for cytotoxicity which can inhibit the healing process of periapical tissue. Calcium silicate-based sealer is an alternative sealer because of its more biocompatible properties. Methods: The study used PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases from 2019 to 2024. The journals used were by the inclusion and exclusion criteria, then bias analysis was carried out and summarized to determine the cytotoxicity of calcium silicate and epoxy resin-based sealer. Results: This study successfully synthesized 19 in vitro journals with low bias results in 16 journals and 3 journals with moderate bias. In general, calcium silicate-based sealers have lower cytotoxicity than epoxy resin-based sealers with the explanation that the composition, conditions, and exposure time of the material play an important role in the biological properties of the sealer. Conclusion: Calcium silicate-based sealers exhibit lower cytotoxicity than epoxy resin-based sealers.
Clinical Management of Conventional Gingivectomy in an Adult Patients with Gingival Enlargement
Introduction: Gingival enlargement is a pathological overgrowth of gingival tissue commonly associated with chronic inflammation, poor oral hygiene, or local irritants. This condition may compromise periodontal health, esthetics, and oral function, particularly in the anterior region. Surgical intervention, such as gingivectomy, is indicated when fibrotic enlargement persists after initial non-surgical periodontal therapy. Purpose: This case report aims to describe the clinical management and outcomes of inflammatory gingival enlargement treated with conventional gingivectomy following non-surgical initial periodontal therapy. Case presentation: Two adult patients presented with gingival enlargement in the anterior region accompanied by bleeding during toothbrushing. Clinical examinations revealed firm, fibrotic gingiva with probing depths of approximately 4 mm and no radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss. Following phase I periodontal therapy, including scaling and root planing, residual gingival overgrowth persisted. Both patients subsequently underwent conventional gingivectomy using a scalpel under local anesthesia. External bevel incisions were performed, followed by gingivoplasty to reestablish physiological gingival contours. Postoperative evaluation at one week demonstrated reduced inflammation, satisfactory wound healing, coral-pink gingiva, and restoration of normal gingival morphology. Conclusion: Conventional gingivectomy was effective in managing persistent inflammatory gingival enlargement after initial periodontal therapy, resulting in improved gingival contour, enhanced esthetics, and facilitation of oral hygiene. Long-term success requires adequate plaque control and elimination of predisposing factors to prevent recurrence.
Gingival Curettage Treatment in Chronic Periodontitis Patients: A Case Report
Introduction: Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues caused by certain microorganisms. One of the surgical treatments for generalized chronic periodontitis is gingival curettage. Gingival curettage is a closed surgical procedure involving the removal of inflamed soft tissue lateral to the pocket wall. The goal is to promote the attachment of new connective tissue to the root surface by removing the pocket lining and junctional epithelium using a curette.Purpose: To determine whether gingival curettage is an effective treatment for patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. Case presentation: A 26-year-old female patient presented to the Special Dental and Oral Hospital of South Sumatra Province with complaints of rough masses on all of her teeth. Clinical examination revealed calculus in all regions, an OHI-S score of 1.83 (medium), and an O'Leary plaque index score of 41.37%. Probing depths ranged from 1 to 5 mm, with positive BOP on almost all teeth. After scaling and root planing, the decision was made to proceed with gingival curettage for the patient.Conclusion: In this case, gingival curettage helped reduce pocket depth and restored the gingiva to a more normal appearance. This demonstrates that gingival curettage can be an effective treatment for chronic periodontitis.
The Relationship Between Malnutrition And Malocclusion: Literature Review
Introduction: Nutrition is a crucial factor in the body's growth and development process, particularly for the jawbones and teeth. A lack of proper nutrition can lead to slow growth of the maxilla and mandible, resulting in an imbalance in the relationship between the upper and lower jaw arches. This disharmony can cause malocclusion. The objective of this study was to review the most recent cross-sectional studies from the last 10 years that report on the relationship between malnutrition and malocclusion. Purpose: To find out more information on the influence of malnutrition on the occurrence in malocclusion. Methods: The literature survey was carried out using the Google Scholar, Sciencedirect and PubMed databases. Data search utilized the Boolean Search method. Results: The initial search yielded 58 citations which were then selected and duplicates were removed. There were 10 articles found. Conclusion: The studies cited in this literature review indicate that not all journals suggest a significant difference between malnutrition and malocclusion.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sriwijaya Journal of Dentistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Frenectomy in Aberrant Frenulum Labialis – Literature Review
A smile is a human facial feature that is attractive and one of the forms of human communication and expression. An esthetic smile is determined by several factors such as the shape, position, and color of the teeth, as well as the condition of the frenulum labialis. Aberrant frenulum labialis can be treated by performing a frenectomy. Properly diagnosing and planning the management of aberrant frenulum must be done to achieve satisfactory results both in healing and aesthetics. This literature review is a compilation of an overview of the frenulum and its classification of attachments, indications and contraindications for frenectomy, and various techniques of frenectomy.
The Effectiveness of Propolis Antibacterial Against Staphylococcus aureus as an Alternative to Root Canal Irrigation
Introduction: Irritation by bacteria can cause infection of the dental pulp, including Staphylococcus aureus which is the most resistant facultative microorganism that can cause root canal treatment failure. Root canal treatment is necessary to eliminate infection and protect the decontaminated tooth. Eliminating microorganisms from infected root canals is a complex task that requires various instrumentation techniques such as root canal irrigation, and the selection of irrigation materials that have antibacterial criteria, one of which is propolis. The antimicrobial properties of propolis are related to the presence of flavonoids. The antimicrobial activity of propolis is very effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Purpose: To explain the inhibition of propolis extract as an alternative to irrigation solution in habituating the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in root canal treatment. Methods: This research is true experimental research conducted using the disc method in a laboratory. The samples tested were 24 samples in the form of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) media. Variations of treatment concentration were propolis extract 2.5%, 5.25%, NaOCl 5.25% (positive control) and sterile distilled water (negative control). Results: The average inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in propolis Trigona sp. 5.25% was 8.6 ± 0.5 mm. In positive control NaOCl 5.25% was 9.5 ± 0.9 mm. Hypothesis testing has a value of p=0,000 (p<0,05). Conclusion: There is an inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at a concentration of 5.25% propolis extract.
Antibacterial Potency Test of Suruhan Leaf Ethanol Extract (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth) Against Streptococcus mutans Growth
Introduction: One of the pathogenic bacteria that causes dental caries was Streptococcus mutans. The use of antibacterial agents such as chlorhexidine was the gold standard for eliminating Streptococcus mutans but can cause side effects if used long term. Traditional medicine is still used as an alternative by Indonesian people to reduce the side effects of chemical drugs. Suruhan leaves were wild plants that contain antibacterial compounds in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenols which can inhibit bacterial growth. Purpose: This study aims to determine the antibacterial potency of suruhan leaves extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Methods: This study was an in vitro laboratory experimental study. The treatment group consisted of ethanol extract of suruhan leaves in concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, and 50%. The control group consisted of 0.2% chlorhexidine as positive control and distilled water as negative control. Antibacterial activity test used the disc diffusion method. The inhibition zone values were measured then analyzed using statistical one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests. Results: The largest mean inhibition zone of ethanol extract of suruhan leaves formed was 16.47 mm at a concentration of 50%, whereas at a concentration of 5%, it had no antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of suruhan leaves (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth) concentrations of 10%, 15%, 25%, and 50% had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.
Occlusion Concept for Fabricating Complete Denture (Literature Review)
Introduction: Patients with full edentulism experience difficulties in chewing food, thus requiring complete dentures aiming to restore the missing teeth, other structures, and the patient's masticatory efficiency. Complete denture fabrication requires retention, stability and support of the remaining tissues. This is influenced by the selection of a good occlusion concept. There are several types of occlusion concepts such as Bilateral Balanced Occlusion (BBO), Lingualized Occlusion (LO) and Canine Guided Occlusion (CGO). Purpose: The aim of this literature review was to determine the use of the ideal occlusion concept in complete dentures according to the patient's condition. Methods: Literature was selected using the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Elsevier, and Google Scholar from January 2007 to December 2022. Articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Tool for bias assessment and summarized to obtain data on occlusion concept for fabricating full denture. Results: Fourteen randomized controlled trial journals discussing about three occlusion concepts that are BBO, LO and CGO were included in this literature review. Occlusal concept should be used according to the indication and condition of the patient. Conclusion: Occlusion concepts give positive impact if chosen wisely according to the patient's condition.
The Antibacterial Efficacy of Miana Leaves Extract against Streptococcus Mutans
Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is the main bacterium that causes dental caries. Miana leaves antimicrobial compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins are expected to have antibacterial properties against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Purpose: To determine the antibacterial effect of miana leaves extract on Streptococcus mutans growth. Methods: This study was an in vitro laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design. The treatment groups consisted of Miana leaves extract using concentrations of 3,125%, 6,25%, 12,5%, and 25%, positive control (0.2% chlorhexidine) and negative control (dimethyl sulfoxide/DMSO). Inhibition zone test was done using disc diffusion method. Results: The results showed that each concentration of Miana leaves extract had antibacterial properties. The largest diameter of the inhibitory zone was at 25% concentration, but significant smaller than 0.2% chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Miana leaves extract had an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sriwijaya Journal of Dentistry
Antibacterial Potency of Various Concentrations of Pineapple Peel Extract (Ananas comosus) against Enterococcus faecalis
Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in cases of failed root canal treatment. Irrigation material with antibacterial effects are important in supporting the success of root canal treatment. Pineapple peel as a natural ingredient is reported to contain compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and bromelain enzymes that have been proven antibacterial effects. Purpose: To determine antibacterial potency of pineapple peel extract (Ananas comosus) with concentrations of 1.56%, 3.125%, 6.25% and 12.5% against E. faecalis. Methods: In vitro quasi-laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design consisting of pineapple peel extract with concentrations of 1.56%, 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and aquadest as negative control with repetition 6 times. The inhibition test was determined using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar media. The MIC value can be determined using the broth dilution method and the MBC value can be determined using the solid dilution method. The inhibition zone diameter data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA test and Post Hoc Tukey test. Results: Pineapple peel extract with concentrations 12,5% had the largest mean inhibition zone, which is was 3.13 mm. The MIC and MBC values of pineapple peel extract were determined at a concentration of 6.25%. Conclusion: Pineapple peel extract (Ananas comosus) has antibacterial potency against Enterococcus faecalis.
Antibacterial Potency of Prabumulih’s Pineapple Leaves Extract (Ananas comosus) Towards Enterococcus faecalis
Introduction: Unsuccessful elimination procedures of Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis) often lead to failure of endodontic treatment. It is necessary to use irrigation solutions to eliminate it from the root canal. The leaves of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) that are widely cultivated in Prabumulih have antibacterial properties due to active compounds such as bromelain enzymes, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids and have potential as an alternative material for root canal irrigation. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial potency of Prabumulih pineapple leaf extract (Ananas comosus) against E. faecalis. Methods: This is an in vitro quasi-experimental laboratory study with a post-test-only control group study design. The test group consisted of Prabumulih pineapple leaf extract at concentrations of 1.56%, 3.125%, 6.25%, and 12,5% obtained using the maceration method. The positive control was NaOCl 2.5%, and distilled water was the negative control. The antibacterial activity of the extract using the disc diffusion method for the inhibition zone test, the dilution method for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, and solid dilution for the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test. Results: It showed that Prabumulih pineapple leaves extract has antibacterial potency against E. faecalis with the largest average inhibition zone at a concentration of 12.5% (2.324 mm), MIC at a concentration of 12,5%, and MBC also at a concentration of 12,5%. Conclusion: Prabumulih pineapple leaf extract has antibacterial potency against Enterococcus faecalis.
Introduction: Mucocele is a lesion on the oral mucosa as a benign mass caused by retention or extravasation of mucus in the tissue around the lamina propria. Mucocele mainly occurs on the lower lip mucosa. Purpose: This case report aimed to describe the history, clinical examination, and simple surgical removal of mucocele, thus it can strengthen the knowledge of the general dental practitioner. Case presentation: A 6-year-old female child visited the Dental and Oral Hospital of South Sumatera Province with complaints of swelling on the right inner lower lip about 2 weeks ago. The swelling disappeared because it ruptured due to being bitten 2 months ago, then reappeared in the last 2 weeks. Her mother also said that her child had unconsciously bit her lower lip almost every day for the last few months. The results of an objective examination of the lesion showed a fluctuating vesicle lesion on the labial mucosa of the right lower lip, approximately 5 mm in diameter, did not bleed easily, was soft and painless upon palpation, had a translucent bluish-pink color. Based on the results of subjective, objective, and supporting examinations, the diagnosis in this case was a mucocele with a differential diagnosis of fibroma and hemangioma. The treatment plan included surgical excision and post-surgery instructions as well as instructions to stop the bad habits to prevent the recurrences. Conclusion: Mucocele is one of the most common soft tissue lesions in children and it can be treated with simple surgical excision.
Prevalence of Dental Hard Tissue Diseases Before and During the Pandemic in South Sumatera Dental Hospital
Introduction: The most common dental problems in Indonesia are broken/cavities/toothache. Dental hard tissue disease is one of the ten biggest outpatient diseases in South Sumatera Dental Hospital. The dental practice has been limited since the COVID-19 pandemic occurred. The frequency of permanent dental hard tissue disease cases at South Sumatera Dental Hospital has increased due to limited treatment access. Purpose: This study aims to find out the prevalence of permanent dental hard tissue disease before and during the pandemic at South Sumatera Dental Hospital. Methods: This study was a descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected using the total sampling method, a medical record data on SIMRS BPJS application with a diagnosis of dental hard tissue disease at South Sumatera Dental Hospital. Results: The prevalence of dental hard tissue disease before and during the pandemic at South Sumatera Dental Hospital has decreased with the number before the pandemic being 2380 cases and during the pandemic was 770 cases. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental hard tissue disease at South Sumatera Dental Hospital has decreased during the pandemic. It is because the number of visits to health facilities has decreased due to the risk of spreading COVID-19 infection.
Relationship Between Stunting and Caries In Children Aged 2-5 Years Old Systematic Review
Introduction: Stunting is a chronic nutritional deficiency caused by a deficiency of macronutrients and micronutrients. Nutritional deficiency in stunting children affects the occurrence of salivary gland atrophy, changes in saliva composition, and changes in mineral content in teeth that are at risk for dental caries. Purpose: To determine the relationship between stunting and dental caries in children aged 2-5 years old. Methods: The type of research is a systematic review with qualitative analysis. Result: This study involved five journals that were selected from the PUBMED journals database and Google Scholar. Cross-sectional and experimental journals within the last 15 years discussing relationship between stunting and dental caries in children aged 2-5 years old. Conclusion: There is a relationship between stunting and dental caries (n=5).
The Effect of Antibacterial Agent of Pangasius sutchi Bone Extract Against Porphyromonas gingivalis
Introduction: Periodontal disease is the most common dental problem mainly due to bacterial infection. The highest virulence bacteria found in periodontal disease is Porphyromonas gingivalis. Pangasius sutchi bone extract contains bioactive peptides which have the potential effect to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria such as P. gingivalis. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of an antibacterial agent of Pangasius sutchi bone extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods: This research was in vitro laboratory experimental study with a post-test-only control group design. The treatment groups consisted of Pangasius sutchi bone extract using concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 100%, positive control (cefixime) and negative control (placebo). Results: The results showed that each concentration of Pangasius sutchi bone extract had antibacterial properties. The largest diameter of the inhibitory zone was at 100% concentration. The minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was at a concentration of 40%, and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was 20%. Conclusion: Pangasius sutchi bone extract had an antibacterial effect against Porphyromonas gingivalis.
The Difference of Masticatory Performance between Body Mass Index Categories on Students of Universitas Sriwijaya
Introduction: Mastication is a complex rhythmical activity that requires coordination of the neuro-musculature to prepare the food for swallowing. Masticatory performance can be influenced by some factors, such as bite force. Underweight and overweight/obese persons had reported having low bite force. The purpose of this study was to compare the masticatory performance between underweight, normal weight, and overweight/obese adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60 students of Universitas Sriwijaya were included (age: 21-25 years). Subjects were grouped according to their BMI: group I (underweight), group II (normal weight), and group III (overweight/obese). Masticatory performance was evaluated with the sieves method. During the masticatory performance test, subjects were asked to chew 3-gram peanuts for 20 masticatory strokes, which was done three times. Peanut particles that had been chewed were filtered with a sieve. The volume of peanut particles passed through the sieve was divided by the volume of total particles and multiplied by 100 percent, which the result was noted as a masticatory performance score. The One-way ANOVA test was employed to identify differences between groups. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The underweight group showed the smallest masticatory performance score, followed by the overweight/obese group, while the normal weight group showed the highest score. There was a significant difference in masticatory performance score between the underweight and normal weight group (p<0,05), while the rest were not showed a significant difference (p>0,05). Conclusion: The underweight and overweight/obesity groups had a lower masticatory performance compared to the normal weight group.
Mechanism Underlying the Alveolar Bone Destruction by Prevotella intermedia: Systematic Review
Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disorder caused by oral microorganisms, including Prevotella intermedia, that destroy the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The detailed mechanism of P. intermedia-inducing bone damage is essential to establish a novel approach to controlling P. intermedia that prevents alveolar bone loss. Purpose: To elucidate the mechanism of P. intermedia's role in alveolar bone destruction by systematically reviewing various related publications. Methods: From September 2020 through February 2021, this systematic review was performed by selecting publications for relevant material from two electronic databases, PubMed and Scopus. The literature must be in English, published within the last ten years, be available in full-text form, and be a research article to meet the criteria for inclusion. Results: Three final articles passed the eligibility evaluation stage and met the inclusion requirements. They all discussed how P. intermedia lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects target cells to destroy bone, including human dental follicle stem cells (hDFSCs), human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLs), and macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are a few of the inflammatory mediators that LPS P. intermedia cause a rise in target cells, leading to bone damage. These inflammatory mediators stimulate nuclear factor-kappa ligand receptor (RANKL) expression, resulting in osteoclast activation and differentiation, leading to bone loss. Conclusion: P. intermedia significantly contributes to alveolar bone degradation by enhancing inflammatory mediators. As observed in periodontitis, these mediators stimulate RANKL expression and osteoclast activation, resulting in alveolar bone damage.
Antibacterial Activity of Suruhan Leaf Extract (Peperomia pellucida L) Against Staphylococcus aureus
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the opportunistic bacteria in the oral cavity that can cause various diseases, including periapical abscesses. Microbial infection treatment must pay attention to selected antibiotics. Traditional medicine was very popular with the community because it had very minimal side effects and the availability that is easy to obtain. Suruhan leaves could be utilized as an antibacterial due to their content of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which inhibit bacterial growth. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the antibacterial extract of suruhan leaves (Peperomia pellucida L) against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: This study was an in vitro laboratory experimental study. The test group used an extract of suruhan leaf with concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60% obtained by the soxhlation method. Clindamycin was used as a positive control, and distilled water as a negative control. The antibacterial potency was tested using the disc diffusion method to determine the value of the inhibition zone, and the dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The inhibition zone values were then analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests. Results: This study revealed that the 60% concentration of extract suruhan leaf had an average inhibition zone of 18.27 mm, but smaller than clindamycin. The MIC test results of extract suruhan leaf were determined at a concentration of 20% and MBC at 40%. Conclusion: Suruhan leaf extract (Peperomia pellucida L.) had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.